Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British were largely bureaucrats. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Guéï] did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. [54], The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. Adherents of Islam (mostly Sunni) represented 42.9% of the total population in 2014, while followers of Christianity (mostly Catholic and Evangelical) represented 33.9% of the population. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia. Each of the ethnic groups in Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Uniform. They responded by destroying most Ivoirian military aircraft (two Su-25 planes and five helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan. World Wide Diplomatic Archives Index: Cote D'Ivoire. The established the Baoulé kingdom around the town of Sakasso. In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the President was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Jerseys: Orange, Shorts: White, Stockings: Green. [84], As of 2012[update], major equipment items reported by the Ivory Coast Army included 10 T-55 tanks (marked as potentially unserviceable), five AMX-13 light tanks, 34 reconnaissance vehicles, 10 BMP-½ armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 41 wheeled APCs, and 36+ artillery pieces. [37] The current king of Sanwi is Amon N'Douffou V (since 2005). Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands, attacking residents. Water pollution is amongst one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing.[70]. The work force took a hit, especially in the private sector, during the early 2000s due to the numerous economic crises since 1999. ThoughtCo. Save The culture of the Ivory Coast is layered and colorful thanks to the nation’s geographical location, collection of ethnic groups and years under French occupation. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. His opponents argued it was illegal for president Ouattara to run for a third term. In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior. [116], According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ivory Coast devotes about 0.13% of GDP to GERD. European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession.[46]. Zaouli is a popular music and dance practised by the Guro communities of the Bouaflé and Zuénoula departments of Côte d’Ivoire. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rain forest. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble, and died in 1993. [111] About 36% of women have undergone female genital mutilation. [40] As subjects of France, natives outside the above-mentioned civilized elite had no political rights. [112] According to 2010 estimates, Ivory Coast has the 27th-highest maternal mortality rate in the world. on 4 December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community, which had replaced the French Union.[43]. Denguélé (Odienné) 5. The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Jola in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Close ties to France since independence in 1960, the development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the West African states, but did not protect it from political turmoil. [63] Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in The Hague in January 2016. [96] Until 1998 the country's population increased to 15,366,672,[97] 20,617,068 in 2009,[2] and 23,919,000 in July 2014. Its other name, Djela lou Zaouli means Zaouli, the daughter of Djela. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and within a year was elected to the French Parliament in Paris. Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests, such as the recent abolition of the slave trade. A Very Short History of Côte D'Ivoire. It assigns new FIPS codes to the current Ivorian regions, superseding the department codes formerly in effect. French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. By 2030, they plan to have universal and equal access to safe and affordable drinking water. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. In World War I, France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France, and colony resources were rationed from 1917 to 1919. The country changed its name to Côte d'Ivoire in 1985; its official name is the République de Côte d'Ivoire —a reflection of French control of the country from 1843 until independence. That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact, but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. Côte d'Ivoire has been reorganized so that the secondary divisions are now 31 regions and two autonomous districts. [45] Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population, who continued to elect him. Côte d'Ivoire's prosperous economy has also attracted a large number of foreign African workers, mostly from Guinea, Ghana, and Burkina-Faso (estimated at 2.6 million in 2000), as well as a contingent of 200,000 Lebanese expatriates. Gbagbo was the only opposition to Guéi since Alassane Ouattara was barred from the election. :+225 07 37 55 46 / +225 22 42 08 60 E-mail: dagatraore@yahoo.fr Cabinet médical « UNION » Docteur KOUADIO A. Lucile Docteur KOUADIO A. Simplice Immeuble «Union» - 1er étage face à l’Immeuble « Le Paris », 25, avenue Chardy - Plateau Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire Around 64.8% of the land is agricultural land; arable land amounted to 9.1%, permanent pasture 41.5%, and permanent crops 14.2%. Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire and Baoulé. By 1979, the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa. [39] From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa. this statistic includes both citizens and people who are not citizens of the Ivory Coast (census 2017, p. 36), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Economic Community of West African States, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro, in Germany 2006, in South Africa 2010, and Brazil in 2014, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/citoc.html#ci0079, "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2020 - Côte d'Ivoire", "Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire", Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914, "Ivory Coast – FRENCH RULE UNTIL WORLD WAR II: Evolution of Colonial Policy", "UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate", "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President", "New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'", "Thousands flee Ivory Coast for Liberia amid poll crisis", "Final Communique on the Extraordinary Session of the Authority of Heads of State and Government on Cote D’Ivoire", "Communique of the 252nd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council", "ICE deports Ivory Coast army colonel convicted of arms trafficking", "FBI nabbed colonel on official business", "Ivory Coast strongman arrested after French forces intervene", https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/ivory-coast-former-leader-arrested, "The war is over — but Ouattara's struggle has barely begun", "ICC orders conditional release of ex-Ivory Coast leader Gbagbo", "Former Ivory Coast President Laurent Gbagbo freed by International Criminal Court, CNN", "Ivory Coast's ex-president Laurent Gbagbo released to Belgium", https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/28/ivory-coasts-ouattara-re-elected-by-a-landslide/, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54778200, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/9/ivory-coast-president-ouattaras-disputed-third-term-confirmed, "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material", "Ivory Coast postpones presidential runoff vote", "Ivory Coast election: Army says it has sealed borders", https://www.dw.com/en/ivory-coast-election-ouattara-wins-third-term-opposition-cries-foul/a-55480568, Ivory Coast’s former president Laurent Gbagbo oversaw ‘unspeakable crimes’, says ICC, "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. The most popular sport in Ivory Coast is association football. Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African "subjects" under the colonial control of the French. [68] Ivory Coast’s Constitutional Council formally ratified President Alassane Ouattara’s re-election to a third term in November 2020. Côte d’Ivoire was for a long time the main development hub of the subregion. Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century, but moved slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy. A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat,AfroB, Serge Beynaud and Christina Goh, of Ivorian descent. Côte d'Ivoire (which means "Ivory Coast") is a West African country bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia. The first West African French settlement, Saint Louis, was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal, while at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Gorée Island, off Dakar. Ivory Coast is a West African state bordering Ghana in the east, Burkina Faso, Mali in the north, and Guinea and Liberia in the east. In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that country's borders had been sealed. Houphouët-Boigny died on 7 December 1993. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship, which it did for many years. A common street food is alloco, ripe banana fried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili and eaten alone, with grilled fish or boiled eggs. [65] Belgium has been designated as a host country. [98], According to 2012 government survey, the fertility rate was 5.0 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas.[99]. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the grower, those exporting into foreign markets, and the labour force, inasmuch as instances of indentured labour have been reported in the country's cocoa and coffee production in every edition of the U.S. Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor since 2009. In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a "government of national unity". At independence (1960), the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Public universities are accredited by the African and Madagascar Council on Higher education (CAMES) and conform to the rigorous and high profile norms of this continental body. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court, due to his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The French community grew from only 30,000 prior to independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers, and advisors. [89][90] According to the Hershey Company, the price of cocoa beans is expected to rise dramatically in upcoming years. By the end of the 1800s, the borders for the French colony of Côte d'Ivoire had been agreed with Liberia and the Gold Coast (Ghana). Boddy-Evans, Alistair. [86], In 2017, Ivory Coast signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position. Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast include Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Krous (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), and others (2.8%, including 100,000 Lebanese[102] and 45,000 French; 2004). Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. Therefore, in April 1986, the government declared that Côte d'Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d'Ivoire[23]) would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol, and since then officially refuses to recognize or accept any translation from French to another language in its international dealings. [54], The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former President of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. Oral histories give rough indications of when various peoples first arrived, such as the Mandinka (Dyuola) people migrating from the Niger basin to the coast during the 1300s. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country. [20] In the 19th century, usage switched to Côte d'Ivoire. [108] In 2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the population, while an estimated 25% of the population practised traditional (animist) religions.[109]. Watch Queue Queue A maquis normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with attiéké or kedjenou. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects", the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished. It finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Peacekeeping talks brought the fighting to an end, but the country remains divided. A French mission was established in 1637 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam. Bas-Sassandra (San-Pédro) 4. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa. La partie Together, these workers represent nearly 20 percent of the country's population. Watch Queue Queue Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. The trading post at Grand Bassam in Ivory Coast was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.[37]. [117] It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slow fire, or cooked in an oven. A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. Some of them thought that discrimination and political inequality would end only with independence; others thought the problem of the division between the tribal culture and modernity would continue.[42]. Talking drums are also common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest. The unrest forced the government to support multiparty democracy. After 1930, a small number of Westernized Ivoirians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a "Zone of Confidence", relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate. An Ivorian military spokesman said, "The air, land, and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods. About 77% of the population is considered Ivorian. ", "Ivory Coast reaps more rubber as farmers shift from cocoa", "Cote d'Ivoire | Office of the United States Trade Representative", 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Côte d'Ivoire, "Republic of Côte d'Ivoire National Statistical Institute", Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples, "Ivory Coast Unemployment Rate | 1998–2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar", "Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique", "WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region", "Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices", "Country Comparison :: Maternal Mortality Rate", "Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate", "Population, Health, and Human Well-Being-- Côte d'Ivoire", "Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire: Cuisine and Recipes", Official website of the Government of Ivory Coast, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivory_Coast&oldid=1014293628, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1960, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from September 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from September 2018, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 March 2021, at 08:02. The country is the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans, and the fourth-largest exporter of goods, in general, in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola). [94], Ivory Coast's economy has grown faster than that of most other African countries since independence. [106] Aside from French nationals, native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country's colonial period are present. Une vingtaine d'accords privés et publics ont été signés mardi et mercredi, dont ceux impliquant l'Etat ivoirien au palais présidentiel Curfews were lifted, and French troops patrolled the western border of the country. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In the past, the country hosted the 1984 Africa Cup of Nations, in which its football team finished fifth, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where its basketball team won the gold medal. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. In 2015, the cumulative housing deficit in Cote d’Ivoire was estimated at 1 million. In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi. In December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government. [13][11] One can find the name Cote de(s) Dents regularly used in older works. The country has large populations of adherents of Christianity, Islam and various indigenous religions. [9], Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. By the end of the 1880s, France had established control over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area. French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca in the country. Attiéké is a popular side dish in Ivory Coast made with grated cassava, a vegetable-based couscous. Ivory Coast is also known for Taekwondo with well-known competitors such as Cheick Cissé, Ruth Gbagbi and Firmin Zokou. The dense rain forest covering the southern half of the country, created barriers to the large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north. Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. In the last couple of years, with his health failing, backroom negotiations attempted to find someone who would be able to take over Houphouët-Boigny's legacy and Henri Konan Bédié was selected. In 1990 a new constitution was introduced enabling opposition parties to contest a general election—Houphouët-Boigny still won the elections with a significant lead. A major focus was clean water and salinisation. The traditional cuisine of Ivory Coast is very similar to that of neighbouring countries in West Africa in its reliance on grains and tubers. [18][14][20][17] It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960. Founded: 1960, Affiliated: 1964. What exactly happened that night is also disputed. This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector. Many are French,[103] Lebanese,[104][105] Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as well as evangelical missionaries from the United States and Canada. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. [e][f], The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country's humid climate. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the son of a Baoulé chief, became Ivory Coast's father of independence. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French "subjects", but without rights to representation in Africa or France. France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. Bedié fled into exile in France. Elevandiluurannik (ametlikult Côte d'Ivoire'i Vabariik [kot-divu'aar]) on riik Lääne-Aafrikas Guinea lahe põhjarannikul.. Riik piirneb läänes Libeeria ja Guineaga, põhjas Mali ja Burkina Fasoga ning idas Ghanaga.. Iseseisvumise ajal oli tegemist ühega õitsvamatest Lääne-Aafrika maadest, hiljem on riigi majandust räsinud korruptsioon ja kaks kodusõda. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres. They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.[41]. For several years now, however, the country has been in deep crisis, and this has distinctly affected its economy and social cohesion. France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. [13][11][14][15][16], Other names included the Côte de Dents,[b] literally "Coast of Teeth", again reflecting the trade in ivory;[18][19][13][12][16][20] the Côte de Quaqua, after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively Kwa Kwa);[19][11][17] the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there;[19] and the Côte du Vent,[c] the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions.
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